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Van der Moolen was a Dutch equity trading firm, with its headquarters located in Amsterdam.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Van der Moolen expects to be granted bankruptcy Friday Wed Sep 9, 2009 )〕 They were mainly active in the United States and in Europe, particularly in the Netherlands, France, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.〔(Company Profile for Van der Moolen Holding NV, June 27 2003 )〕 Van der Moolen, which at its peak was one of the largest registered marketmakers on the New York Stock Exchange, filed for bankruptcy in September 2009 after mounting losses.〔Tim Cave, German Firm Quits Over Tough High-Frequency Trading Rules, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2013/06/05/german-firm-quits-over-tough-high-frequency-trading-rules/, Wall Street Journal Money Beat, accessed 05/10/2013〕 Originally known as Van der Moolen & Co., it was founded in July 1892 as a 'jobber' or 'hoekman' which traded in equities and bonds. The company started its expansion in the derivatives markets in the late 1970s. Van der Moolen became a limited liability company in December 1986 and soon afterwards was listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX). The company’s shares were also listed on the New York Stock Exchange ('NYSE') in October 2001.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://xbrl.rienks.biz/company/annualreport/Van_der_Moolen_Holding_N.V./2006 )〕 In 2001, Van der Moolen launched VDM Bonds to provide fixed income liquidity in less-than-wholesale transaction sizes to banks and other intermediaries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.speedwell.net/PDF/FIMR%20Q2%20Van%20Der%20Moolen.pdf )〕 VDM Bonds〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mayerbrown.com/news/article.asp?id=1367&nid=19 )〕 was sold to Zions Bancorporation in March 2004 after its management team left the company.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate= 10 May 2011 )〕 In January 2006, VDM acquired Curvalue, a Dutch trading company specialized in derivative trading.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://xbrl.rienks.biz/company/annualreport/Van_der_Moolen_Holding_N.V./2006 )〕 In late 2006, VDM acquired the assets of London-based prop trading firm Hills Independent Traders Ltd. In 2008, VDM UK's proprietary equity and futures trading unit was closed. On the New York Stock Exchange, Van der Moolen served as specialist until 2007 when it sold the activities to Lehman Brothers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lehman Swipes Up Van der Moolen Specialist Ops )〕 At one point, Van der Moolen USA’s specialist book had represented 15% of the NYSE listed common stocks and accounted 11% of the NYSE's volume.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.4fH3g.htm )〕 Regulatory changes which slashed margins for market makers and allowed a flood of new competition for trading volume significantly impaired the profitability of this VDM unit. Previously in 2003, Van der Moolen Specialists became subject to an investigation by the SEC on allegations of front running. In 2004, Van der Moolen reached a settlement with the SEC and paid a fine of $57.7 million. Some employees were convicted of fraud, while others (Robert Scavone Jr.) were later acquitted. On August 10, 2009, Van der Moolen requested protection from its creditors a short time after opening its new headquarters near Amsterdam airport. On September 10, 2009, Van der Moolen filed for bankruptcy. The company assets in the Netherlands were liquidated in January 2010 with an auction raising Euro 400,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Amsterdamtrader.com )〕 against creditor claims for Euro 28.3 million. An announcement of a tax reclaim from the German Tax authorities arrived a week after the bankruptcy filing. The Euro 32 million tax reclaim was transferred to VDM's liquidator in October 2009 (with a condition and it may still have to be returned).〔http://www.veb.net/content/Bestanden/acties/VDM/vdmverzoekschrift1aug.pdf〕 This tax refund could have saved the company—but simply arrived too late. Van der Moolen's dealings are being investigated by the Dutch market regulator AFM. As of 23 December 2010, Van der Moolen shares were no longer listed on the Euronext Amsterdam exchange. According to a report dated 13 May 2011 by the Enterprise Chamber of the Amsterdam Appeals Court, prior to bankruptcy Van der Moolen's management didn’t seem in control of the company's dividend-arbitrage activities, and attention to capital management and external financing was limited. The Dutch investor group VEB and insurer ASR Nederland NV had asked the Enterprise Chamber to investigate the firm’s management. VEB may now ask the court to assert mismanagement, which may lead to damage claims.〔Enterprise Chamber of the Amsterdam Appeals Court Report on Van der Moolen N.V. Bankruptcy of 13 May 2011, http://deeplink.rechtspraak.nl/uitspraak?id=ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2013:BZ1149 (Dutch), Rechtspraak.nl, accessdate= 16 July 2011〕 File:VDM Trade Floor.jpg|Van der Moolen Schiphol Airport trading floor File:VDM AMS.jpg|Van der Moolen Amsterdam Airport offices File:Lobby VDM.JPG|Van der Moolen Airport office reception ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Van der Moolen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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